Civil engineering basics knowledge.
Civil engineers design major construction projects, such as tunnels, roads airports, highways, dams, and bridges. They also use to project construction and maintenance. They must possess a very broad skill set from cost account to geology.
Civil engineering Basics knowledge
- Cement basic
- Concrete basic
- beam and slab, column basic
- Brick basic
Cement civil engineering basics
- Grade of concrete is denoted as cement, sand, Aggregate.
- The initial setting time shall not be less than 30 minutes and the final setting time of cement is 10 Hours.
- For circular column minimum of 6 longitudinal bars are used.
- Plain cement concrete (PCC) this type of concrete is used on members-only when the tensile force is not acting on it.
- The floor area occupied by 50 kg of cement bag is 0.3m2 and height of 0.18 m.
- The volume of 50 kg of cement beg is 1.3 CFT.
- Cement more than 3 months old cannot be used for construction.
Concrete basics civil engineering
- The concrete should not be thrown from a height of 1m.
- Sand having a moisture content of more than 5% should be used for concrete mix.
- A cube test is carried out for each 30 cm3 usage of concrete.
- Ready-mix concrete, the concrete is made at the factory and transported to the site, this type of concrete is used where there is a lack of space for mixing the concrete and used where a huge amount of concrete is required for construction.
- Adding more water in the concrete mix to increase setting time leads to the cracks or honeycomb in hardened concrete.
- The thickness of DPC Should not be less than 2.5 cm.
- Impermeability of concrete The concrete that resists the entry of water or moisture into it.
- The concrete can be lifted to a maximum height of 50m using concrete pumps. The curing period of RCC is 25 days.
- The Thermal expansion coefficients of concrete and steel are the same having value 12X10-6/Degree C.
- M20 grade concrete is generally used in the construction of the slab.
- Grade of concrete
| Concrete Grade | Mix Ratio | Compressive Strength MPa( N/mm²) | PSI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Normal Grade of Concrete | |||
| M5 | 1:5:10 | 05 MPa | 725 psi |
| M7.5 | 1: 4: 8 | 7.5 MPa | 1087 psi |
| M10 | 1 : 3: 6 | 10 MPa | 1450 psi |
| M15 | 1:2:4 | 15 MPa | 2175 psi |
| M20 | 1:1.5:3 | 20 MPa | 2900 psi |
| Standard Grade of Concrete | |||
| M25 | 1:1:2 | 25 MPa | 3625 psi |
| M30 | Design Mix | 30 MPa | 4350 psi |
| M35 | Design Mix | 35 MPa | 5075 psi |
| M40 | Design Mix | 40 MPa | 5800 psi |
| M45 | Design Mix | 45 MPa | 6525 psi |
| High Strength Concrete Grades | |||
| M50 | Design Mix | 50 MPa | 7250 psi |
| M55 | Design Mix | 55 MPa | 7975 psi |
| M60 | Design Mix | 60 MPa | 8700 psi |
| M65 | Design Mix | 65 MPa | 9425 psi |
| M70 | Design Mix | 70 MPa | 10150 psi |
civil engineering basics full form
C/C full from center to center distance.
DL is a Development length.
DPC is also called is a Damp Proof Course.
Beam, slab, column civil engineering basics
- Hook length should not be less than 9D.
- Theodolite least count is 20 sec. wheres compass Least count is 30 mins.
- The length of each bar from the factory is 12 m.
- A head mason can work 25 to 30 #3 in the day. In construction, the rate analysis for the work of workers is calculated in Man-hours.
- Cantilever Beam has one fixed support and the other end is free, Simply supported beam has a minimum of two supports.
- Dead load is the self-weight of the structure.
- The height of the floor is usually 3m or 10ft.
- Vibration in freshly made concrete is done to remove the air bubble in the concrete mix.
- The minimum sill level height should be 44 inches.
- The transverse reinforcement provided in the column is called ties. And when they come in beams they called stirrups.
- Stirrups in beams and Ties in columns are provided to handle the shear force and to keep longitudinal bars in position.
- Lapping of bars not allowed if the dia of the bar is more than 36 MM.
- The minimum thickness of the slab is 0.125m.
- The thickness of DPC Should not be less than 2.5 cm.
- Water PH values less than 6 should not be used for construction purposes.
- The prime reason for using steel as reinforcement is due to thermal expansion.
Stair
The slope or pitch of the stair should be between 25 degrees to 40 degrees. The rise in staris is in between 150mm to 200 mm. The Trade-in staircase is between 250 mm to 300 mm.
Brick Civil Engineering Basics knowledge
- The number of bricks required for 1m3 of brick masonry is 550 Bricks.
- The weight of first-class clay brick should be 3.85kg.
- Crushing strength of brick 10.5 MN/m2.
- The standard size of bricks is 19cm X 9Cm X 4Cm.
Test of Building Materials
Civil engineers should have proper knowledge of different tests of building materials.
- Soit test:- Core cutter test, Compaction test of soil, Sand replacement test, Tri-axial test, consolidation test, etc.
- Concrete test:- Slump test, compression test, split tensile test, soundness, etc.
- Bitumen test:- Ductility test, softening point test, gravity test, penetration test, etc. Read more about the bitumen test.What is the formula for the weight of bar calculate?
Weight of bar is calculated using formula
D2/162
Where D= Dia of bar in mm
Specific gravity of Cement, Bricks Sand
- Cement – 3.16 g/cm3
- Bricks – 2g/cm3
- Sand – 2.65 g/cm3
- Standard size of brick – 19cm X 9Cm X 4Cm.
Unit weight of PPC, RCC, STEEL
- PCC – 24 KN/m3,
- RCC – 25 KN/m3,
- steel – 7850 kg/m3
Project Management on construction sites
ImPortnt point of civil engineering basics on project mangerment on construction sites
- Scheduling
- Cost control
- Risk management
- Contract management
- Critical thinking
- Project Recovery
- Task management
- Quality management
- Meetings management
- Leadership
- Decision Making
- Negotiation
- Organizational skills
- Problem-solving skills.